![]() To see more information about the formats below, hover your cursor over Reference List Entries on the menu and select the format you want. Citing Online Business Resources using APA Style Help: Footnotes - Wikipedia. This page explains how to create the Footnotes section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word . This how- to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in Citing sources. Footnotes are used most commonly to provide: The use of Footnotes is only one of several options for providing source information in the article. Other systems of inline citation, including Shortened footnotes and Parenthetical referencing, may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on Variation in citation methods. Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence, because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on When you must use inline citations, the Good article criteria and When to cite. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on Citing sources and examples of Citation templates. Footnotes are created using the Cite. This extension adds the HTML- like elements < ref>..< /ref> , < references /> and < references>..< /references>. The elements are also used in a number of templates; for example, it is becoming more common to use . If you have opted in, you can use either Visual. Editor or classic editing through wiki markup (wikitext) to edit most pages. ![]() The directions on this page, especially about what codes to type to produce formatting effects, are predominantly geared toward wikitext editing. For instructions on editing with Visual. Editor, see Wikipedia: Visual. Editor/User guide. The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page: A Footnote marker is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: . This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. Hovering over a footnote marker will, depending on the user's settings, show a pop- up box containing the footnote. A Footnote displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup . Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font. Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be . Custom labels are also incremented: . For example: Markup. Renders as. This is page content.< ref> Libre. Office For Starters, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show. Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see WP: REFPUNC. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag: Markup. Renders as. .. text.< ref> Content of the reference< /ref>. For example: Markup. Renders as. This is page content.< ref> ''Libre. Office For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2. The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link: Markup. Renders as. This is page content.< ref> ''. IPv. 6 host- names are currently not supported. If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent- encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %2. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with: sp. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion. Reference lists: the basics. For the basic reference list, add . Once the page is saved and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled . Notes. In some cases, a page has more than one reference list. Until 2. 01. 4, multiple uses of . This is valid, but < references /> does not offer the advanced features of . The syntax to define a named footnote is: < ref name=! These may be escaped with & lt; and & quot; , respectively. Please consider keeping reference names simple and restricted to the standard English alphabet and numerals. You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re- use of the sourced reference easier. Markup. Renders as. This is page content.< ref name=manchester. Libre. Office for Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2. This is more content.< ref name=manchester. The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have a connection to the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author- year or publisher- year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name, by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader. Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order: Markup. Renders as. This is starter content.< ref name=manchester. Libre. Office for Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2. This is expert content.< ref name=lexington. Open. Office for Experts'', Lexington, 2. And more starter content.< ref name=manchester. And more expert content.< ref name=lexington. Open. Office for Experts, Lexington, 2. When using both names and groups, the syntax is: < ref name=name group=groupname> Content< /ref> Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See Avoiding common mistakes. Reference lists: columns. Forcing a fixed number of columns has been disabled in mobile view. The number of columns to use is up to the editor, but some major practices include: For example: Using . This keeps those citations in one central location and avoids cluttering the text (and any infobox). This is purely a source code change – the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected. For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see WP: LDRHOW. For example: Markup. Renders as. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.< ref name=Lazy. Dog/>. Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.< ref name=Jukeboxes/>. How razorback- jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.< ref name=Jumping. Frogs/>. . All references in reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown. Explanatory notes may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the Cite. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error. The template . The content may include < ref> tags. The other templates listed below in Predefined groups are variants of . The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group. The syntax to define a footnote with a group is: < ref group=groupname> Content< /ref> The footnote marker group name must be enclosed in quotes if the group name includes a space, else a cite error will occur, otherwise quotes are optional. The syntax for the reference list with a group is. There can be more than one of these groups' lists in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections. These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the wikitext markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested. Note: If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters that toggle the note's display will be next to the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See WP: REFNAME and the first point below in . Do not enclose values in quotes. Do not enclose values in quotes. In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list: With lower- alpha labels. Markup. Renders as. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. This can be confusing when . See the note in the introduction of this section, above. The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if. The value for . In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page. Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following. Add it at the position where the reference list would normally appear. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 1. You could put a line in the . Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. One common approach is to use shortened citations, which requires the use of a References section following the footnotes section. Another approach is to attach a . When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the . When you want to reuse this reference, click the . For biographies of living persons, use . For biographies of living persons, use . For biographies of living persons, use.
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